Pericles wraps up his praise of Athens by calling the city "the school of Hellas." Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War ("Agamemnon", "Hom. Pericles also uses his praise of the dead to build an argument about what Athenians are fighting for. The much-remembered funeral oration of Pericles equally praises… In praising their bravery and commitment, Pericles elevates and honors the war dead, fulfilling the primary purpose of the funeral oration. People also obey the unwritten laws of polite conduct and tradition and are judged by their fellow citizens. Pericles gave a few reasons for giving this funeral oration. The Plague of Athens (429-426 BCE) struck the city, most likely, in 430 BCE before it was recognized as an epidemic and, before it was done, had claimed between 75,000-100,000 lives.Modern-day scholars believe it was most likely an outbreak of smallpox or typhus, but bubonic plague is still considered a possibility. Some scholars argue that Thucydides likely edited Pericles's speech to some extent, noting that Thucydides described the speeches he recorded in his work as texts that communicated the main ideas that speakers sought to convey. After the dead had been buried in a public grave, one of the leading citizens, chosen by the city, would offer a suitable speech, and on this occasion Pericles was chosen. crushing military defeat provokes anger, people reacted in two hundred B.C.E., and people react today, in 2017. Pericles and his fellow citizens, however, saw their democracy as a just, rational, and ideal form of government. Pericles begins by acknowledging that most speakers praise the decision, made by a past generation, to add an oration, or speech, to Athens's funeral customs. It seemed to them a worthy thing that such an honor should be given at their burial to the dead who have fallen on the field of battle. It is because of his remarkable contributions to making Athens great that this time period is often called the Golden Age of Pericles. He says that people’s actions speak for themselves and should not be tied to “the goodness or badness of one man’s speech.” Addressing those who lost loved ones in the battle, Pericles says that he is offering them comfort rather than pity. Athens was undoubtedly an exceptional polity. The Funeral Oration has become one of the most famous and influential passages in Thucydides’ work; it offers a stirring tribute to the culture of Athens, to democracy and freedom, and it celebrates the men who are w… Furthermore, Pericles says, Athens does not just exercise democratic principles in government, but also in everyday life. He points out that Spartans bring their allies to a fight, while Athens does not. This was in sharp contrast to Sparta's oligarchy, a form of government in which a small group of people holds power. The garland of victory refers to the wreath, usually of laurel or olive branches, that was awarded to the winner of games or to prizewinning poets. Many scholars see echoes of Pericles's text in President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. At the time, Athenian democracy was an unusual system of government. He warns against cowardice and suggests that a man who dies in the grip of patriotic feeling does not even feel death. He gave a speech in Athens, a public speech, honoring the many warriors who were killed in battle after the first year of the Peloponnesian War. The war was named for the region of Greece called the Peloponnese, where Sparta was located. Pericles' funeral oration was a speech written by Thucydides and delivered by Pericles for his history of the Peloponnesian War.Pericles delivered the oration … Athens was a proud democracy. He says that the assembled crowd should aim to follow their brave example, although he hopes that the results will be more positive. In doing so, he implicitly criticizes Sparta, Athens's great enemy in the war. The speech was delivered by Pericles , an eminent Athenian politician, at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) as a part of the annual public funeral for the war dead. Download a PDF to print or study offline. (As it turned out, Athens would not succeed. Summary: “Pericles’ Funeral Oration, 431-0 BC” (Chapters 34-46) Thucydides reproduces Pericles’ speech to honor the war dead. 404 BCE), who included the speech in his History of the Peloponnesian War. He defines this as a prize that the dead soldiers have earned. Pericles Funeral Oration in Praise of Democracy; Athens During the Plague: The Narrative Qualities of Thucydides's Historical Account Pericles' reason for delivering the Funeral Oration was two-fold. Course Hero, "Funeral Oration Study Guide," July 18, 2019, accessed January 17, 2021, https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Funeral-Oration/. As was common in ancient Greece, Athens also had a population of slaves, who were also excluded from citizenship. Pericles Funeral Oration Analysis 800 Words | 4 Pages. He states that the greatness of Athens is anchored in the efforts of previous generations. The Funeral Oration of Pericles The Melian Dialogue. He suggests that he values deeds over words. At such a time of high emotions and patriotism – Pericles has not one theme but several. Pericles’ Funeral Oration is included in Thucydides’ writing titled History of the Peloponnesian War. What Is a Brief Summary of Pericles' Funeral Oration. He further says that democracy guarantees privacy and equal justice for all. Pericles notes that he has paid the required tribute, as the law requires, by honoring the dead with his words. Pericles views Athens as so superior that he feels that people who are defeated by Athens in combat will actually not complain, because Athenians are so obviously worthy of mastering others. Pericles continues to discuss what makes Athens a great city-state. Thucydides presents two differing characteristics of Athens, one as the civilizer in Pericles’ funeral oration and the other as an tyrant in the Melian dialogue. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. Thucydides (c.460/455-c.399 BCE): Pericles' Funeral Oration from the Peloponnesian War (Book 2.34-46) This famous speech was given by the Athenian leader Pericles after the first battles of the Peloponnesian war. He had rivals and enemies, and his policies and actions were sometimes criticized, although in general he enjoyed the widespread support of Athenians. Pericles’ funeral oration summary. However, he himself feels that the heroic deeds of the dead were adequately honored by the funeral the crowd has just witnessed and that the Athenian state has paid for. Athens was governed primarily by an assembly of citizens that met once a month to debate the city's issues in public. They relied upon themselves and did not give up during battle. They will be judged by the example their dead brothers and fathers provided. Pericles concludes his speech by encouraging his listeners to choose virtuous behavior in the days ahead. only the events, but the causes and motives that lead up those events. Pericles is arguing that deliberation and discussion is actually a strength of Athens and not a defect, as others often claim. He praises their willingness to fight, saying they were not weakened by wealth and that they did not hesitate to give up the pleasures of life. Having made such a choice, Thucydides would naturally write the oration … THUCYDIDES: THE HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR [BOOK II, V] SUMMARY. Click Up For A Summary Of Each Author Contents. History of the Peloponnesian War essays are academic essays for citation. Pericles glorifies the “equal justice to all” under the law that all men of Athens share and glorifies their superiority over their peer poleis. The novelty of this oration is that it provides an answer from the perspective of a democratic state, and it does this 2400 years ago. The same winter the Athenians, according to their ancient custom, solemnized a public funeral of the first slain in this war in this manner. The official funeral oration for the Athenian soldiers who died at one of the opening battles of the Peloponnesian War by the leader of democratic Athens, Pericles. Course Hero, Inc. As a reminder, you may only use Course Hero content for your own personal use and may not copy, distribute, or otherwise exploit it for any other purpose. Thucydides writes: " Our constitution… Upload them to earn free Course Hero access! In 431 BCE, at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War, held their traditional public funeral for all those who had been killed. It is the virtues of Athenians that have made Athens glorious. Therefore, he suggests, by praising Athens's glory he also praises those who have fought for the city-state and its values. The ceremony drew a large crowd, including friends and families of the deceased. He reflects on how giving too much praise might cause listeners to feel envious or upset, knowing that they could not live up to the example of the soldiers. It is unlikely that these are his exact words. In his speech, he also tries to show that the state considers the well-being of parents and families. Athens's position was cemented when it moved the treasury of the Delian League to Athens in 454 BCE. What Athens framed as generosity to its allies was really a mechanism for controlling the other city-states it ruled over. In the speeches leading up to the declaration of war between Athens and Sparta the Athenian representatives highlight their long and noble history which had brought them up to this moment in history. APRIL 10, 2014 ORWELL1627 2 COMMENTS Book II. The author of the paper "Pericles’ Funeral Oration from Thucydides by Paul Halsall" will begin with the statement that Pericles’ Funeral Oration is the aforementioned Athenian leader’s speech during the internment of the Athenians who died for their nation during the Peloponnesian War… Thucydides (c.460/455-c.399 BCE): Pericles' Funeral Oration from the Peloponnesian War (Book 2.34-46) This famous speech was given by the Athenian leader Pericles after the first battles of the Peloponnesian war. In the funeral oration delivered by Pericles during the first year of the war, the Athenian leader emphasizes the idealized personal image of the Athenians in regard to their constitution and good character. The empire had grown out of the Delian League that the Athenians had brought together to fight the Persians in the Persian Wars. It was the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE). Pericles' Funeral Oration by Philipp Foltz (1852) When the bodies had been buried, it was customary for some wise and prudent notable and chief person of the city, preeminent in honor and dignity, before all the people to make a prayer in praise of the dead, and after doing this, each one returned to his House. The Funeral Oration of Pericles: The Funeral Oration of Pericles is from The Peloponnesian War of Thucycides, trans. However, he also continues to elevate and honor Athens itself. Pericles says that Athenians benefit from having to take care of both their public duties as citizens and their private affairs in business. Pericles describes the Athenian form of government as an example to its neighbors, noting that Athens does not copy what others do. Homer (c. 9th or 8th century BCE) was a celebrated Greek poet. Web. All Athenians are expected to take an interest in public affairs, and they prize discussion when making decisions. shifts from an ideal that works for the people and the progression of society, to a military approach dedicated to maintaining their war by any means possible. Pericles's argument is that Athens's civic and democratic virtues are a source of strength and that the soldiers were fighting for their society's democratic ideals. Pericles' Funeral Oration (Ancient Greek: Περικλέους Επιτάφιος) is a famous speech from Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War. It is this legacy that Pericles is seeking to create. Much of this freedom and opportunity is attributed to people obeying the law, but not just the formal, written laws. He says that there are no people so self-reliant or so versatile as the Athenians. Pericles praises the Athenians who helped build the Athenian empire in the aftermath of the Persian Wars (492–449 BCE). The speech is also remembered for its celebration of the principles of democracy and its emphasis on the roles and responsibilities of citizens. Recognizing the potential impact of his words, Pericles expresses a wish that the reputations of the dead would not rest on the oratorical skills—the talent of crafting and giving speeches—of a single individual. It’s easy to be critical of the Pericles that Thucydides presents us. Pericles’ funeral oration summary. ), History of the Peloponnesian War bk 2, ch 40 (Pericles’ Funeral Oration)(ca. APRIL 10, 2014 ORWELL1627 2 COMMENTS Book II. Course Hero. This suggestion is intended to reassure parents and help reinforce Athens. He hopes that love of Athens will motivate Athenians to perform acts of courage in future battles and struggles. It was Athenian tradition to bury the bones of those who fell in battle together, along with an empty casket to represent those whose bodies were not found. He notes that the soldiers wanted to punish their enemies. Pericles praises Athens's government, values, and way of life. Pericles’ Funeral Oration Analysis: Athenian… This piece is a funeral oratory, a speech written to honor fallen Athenian heroes at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War. This is what the fallen soldiers had done, earning themselves—in addition to this earthly ceremony—a kind of eternal glory that will be known far and wide. The war did indeed continue for many years. Unlike Spartans, Athenians enjoy and appreciate luxury and relaxation, as well as contact with the outside world. This English word comes from the Greek demos, meaning "people," and kratia, meaning "strength" or "power." How Does the 25th Amendment Work — and When Should It Be Enacted? Now, at the burial of those who were the first to fall in the war Pericles…was chosen to make the speech. View Pericles' Funeral Oration.pdf from PHYSICS 101 at Independence High School. It follows the English translation of the full text transcript of Pericles' Funeral Oration, according to the Greek historian Thucydides. In other words, he doesn't think that education and refinement make them weak. 560 BCE), which made all citizens equal before the law. History of the Peloponnesian War essays are academic essays for citation. He also says that the Athenians open their borders to the world and do not exclude foreigners. 18 July 2019. Pericles gave his oration, or ceremonial speech, about 431 BCE. Indeed, Pericles argues, Athenians are just as strong militarily as the Spartans, while they also have a superior lifestyle. Being born poor or of low status does not prevent a talented man from getting ahead. Pericles explains that his detailed discussion of Athens's merit serves not only to praise Athens but also to honor the war dead. A dramatic reading of Pericles Funeral Oration as it appears in Thucydides 'History of the Peloponnesian War'. Course Hero. Pericles celebrates the fact that Athenians have access to imported goods and are thus able to "enjoy the fruits of the whole world." With this disclaimer, Pericles states that he will nevertheless follow Athenian tradition and give the customary funeral oration, doing his best to satisfy the desires and opinions of his audience. Pericles believed that democracy, because it is rule by citizens, required citizens to be informed and to have a direct interest in affairs of state. The Authenticity of Pericles' Funeral Oration in the European Historical Thought 235 mothers, the widows and the sisters of the dead heroes to be closed in their rooms and be careful in order to avoid any comment, either of praise or of blame. SPEECH Pericles’ Funeral Oration Thucydides translated by Rex Warren About the Author Thucydides (approx. "Funeral Oration Study Guide." In Western culture, Pericles's oration is a model for speeches commemorating and honoring war dead. Further discussing the difficulty faced by a speaker whose task is to honor the dead, Pericles states that no matter what he says in his speech, someone will be unhappy. Pericles died of disease in 429 BCE, just two years after his great speech. 5.2 Pericles’ Speeches –Response to the Spartan Ultimatum and the Funeral Oration: 431BC. July 18, 2019. Thucydides and Pericles principles of selection to present one funeral oration, not only as an example of the patrios nomos, but also as a dramatic picture of the aspirations and glory of Athens at the beginning of the war. It continued to develop with the institution of a democratic system of government through the efforts of the Athenian statesman Cleisthenes (c. 570–c. However, I almost thought the praise for Athens was partially exaggerated, but Pericles admits by saying "For it is difficult to say neither too little nor too much, and even moderation is apt not to give the impression of truthfulness." Summary. Pericles celebrates the free, comfortable, enjoyable lives led by Athenian citizens. 17 Jan. 2021. The Athenians are evidently aware of this fact. He helped to shape and develop the democracy enjoyed in Athens and to grow the Athenian empire. Pericles used his speech to try to argue for Athens's values and form of government and to persuade Athenians to stay strong and continue fighting. Pericles emphasized the power of the Athenian people and in particular their ability to work together for the greater good of the city by putting aside what they might want in the moment as individuals. He adds that grieving parents who are young enough to do so should have more children, to replace those who have been lost. The nesting of ... One cannot read the funeral oration of Pericles without having a sense of deja vu even if one had never read or heard of the speeches before. Pericles’ Funeral Oration is a famous speech from Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War. He thought that parents made better judges of policy because having children gave them a greater stake in the well-being of the state. They are still at war, and he wants to establish that the stakes in the present war are high and that Athenians must rise to meet the challenge. Chapter 6: Beginning of the Peloponnesian War—First Invasion of Attica— Funeral Oration of Pericles In 431 BCE, the statesmen Pericles delivered one of his most famous speeches of all time. Pericles claims that his praise of Athens is based on fact. 9.1", "denarius") All Search Options [view abbreviations] Home Collections/Texts Perseus Catalog Research Grants Open Source About Help. The main theme of Pericles's speech is praise for Athens and Athenians. Summary: “Pericles’ Funeral Oration, 431-0 BC” (Chapters 34-46) Thucydides reproduces Pericles’ speech to honor the war dead. j) Despite the fact that Thucydides' other orations aim at illustrating the narrated He is preparing Athenians for what lies ahead. Because of his importance to Athens, he was selected to give a speech honoring the Athenian soldiers who had died in the first battles of the war. After the funeral, Pericles stood in front of the grave to give his speech. They chose to face death rather than run away and let their enemies triumph. The term Hellas refers to all of the ancient Greek civilizations, including multiple islands and colonies across the Mediterranean. Men were encouraged to develop the masculine virtues of bravery and dutiful citizenship. Pericles says that Athenians are unique in extending these favors in a spirit of confidence derived from their generosity. Over time, Athenians asserted their leading role in the league, and it transformed into an Athenian empire. Thucydides, Pericles' Funeral Oration Most of those who have spoken here before me have commended the lawgiver who added this oration to our other funeral customs. In Pericles' funeral oration, a lot is revealed about Athens. Hide browse bar Your current position in the text is marked in blue. Here, Pericles clearly reveals the patriarchal nature of Athenian society. (This argument is a response to Spartan criticisms of Athens.) This comment suggests the importance of fulfilling civic duties and following the law. Portfolio Grid. He tells the sons and brothers of the dead that the struggle they face is to equal the achievements and honor of the dead. Pericles’ Funeral Oration (Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, translated by Rex Warner, Penguin Books, 1972, pages 144-150.) It is likely also meant to encourage parents to engage in consideration of political issues, rather than simply think in terms of their own families. In 431, shortly after the Peloponnesian War had broken out, Pericles delivered his famous Funeral Oration to commemorate those troops who had already fallen in … The Athenian system of democracy began to take shape in 594 BCE, with the legal reforms of Solon (c. 630–c. Thucydides notes that the Athenian army sent out this first summer was “the greatest army that ever the Athenians had together in one place before; the city being now in her strength, and the plague not yet amongst them.” Pericles’ funeral oration If you haven’t read Pericles’ funeral oration, I highly recommend you do so. Course Hero. ... or decontextualized quotations from Thucydides' account of Pericles' Funeral Oration. It covers Chapters 35 through 46 in Book Two, about 3,000 words and should take 15-20 minutes to read. "Pericles' Funeral Oration" (Ancient Greek: Περικλέους Επιτάφιος) is a famous speech from Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War. 508 BCE). Pericles also acknowledges that the present generation has helped ensure the prosperity and strength of Athens. Agamemnon. Eventually, Sparta destroyed Athens's navy, ultimately crushing it. View Pericles' Funeral Oration.pdf from PHYSICS 101 at Independence High School. In spite of his often jingoistic faith in Athens, Pericles is indeed right in assuming that “the admiration of … Even after Athens suffers defeats, which Pericles suggests their enemies exaggerate, he points out that Athenians are still willing to face further dangers. The Athenians also make friends by giving favors, not by requesting favors from others. His words were preserved by his fellow Athenian, Thucydides, in his History of the Peloponnesian War. In saying that Athens does not even need Homer to sing its praises, Pericles makes a bold statement about the value and fame of his city-state. Course Hero. Pericles was a leading figure from the Greek Peloponnesian War. Athens was a proud democracy (ruled by its citizens), while Sparta was an oligarchy (ruled by a small number of people). It is unlikely that these are his exact words. According to Thucydides, Pericles' funeral oration said that democracy makes it so people can better themselves through merit rather than class or money. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. Here, he refers to the Spartans as Lacedaemonians, as Sparta was located in the Laconia region of the Peloponnese, in southern Greece. Sparta would destroy the Athenian navy and blockade the city, starving the Athenians, who eventually surrendered.). The official funeral oration for the Athenian soldiers who died at one of the opening battles of the Peloponnesian War by the leader of democratic Athens, Pericles. Athens's friends and allies in the struggle with Sparta were really subjects of the Athenian empire. However, Pericles argues, this does not in any way make Athens weak. THUCYDIDES: THE HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR [BOOK II, V] SUMMARY. He warns the widows of the dead men that they should be careful of their reputations and not fall short of Athenian virtues. Introduction. The historian Thucydides wrote about the speech of Pericles in his “History of the Peloponnesian War.” Thucydides wrote that the speech was reproduced from his memory and was a loose account only. Accessed January 17, 2021. https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Funeral-Oration/. Volume 8 – 2008-2009 74 the myth of Athens, is frequently studied in isolation from the other speeches of Pericles. List And Explain Four Problem Solving Approaches In Nursing; 1984 Chapter 3 Summary Sparknotes; Contact 3; Portfolio. He is suggesting that the neighbors and rivals of Athens usually fall short of their boasts when they are tested, while his praise of Athens is accurate. He further talked about how the citizens of Athens worked for the greater good not because they were forced to as slaves or poor people like in other cities, but because they wanted to out of their own desire and will. According to the Public Broadcasting Service, the idea that Athenian citizens could be rulers but also rule themselves at the same time was a new idea, and it quickly became the ideal of the Greek world. By starting his oration with a discussion of the role of speakers and leaders, Pericles demonstrates an understanding of his position and attempts to head off potential criticisms of his speech. Pericles’ funeral oration If you haven’t read Pericles’ funeral oration, I highly recommend you do so. The historian Thucydides wrote about the speech of Pericles in his “History of the Peloponnesian War.” Thucydides wrote that the speech was reproduced from his memory and was a loose account only. With this praise, Pericles also tries to encourage this same civic spirit in his audience. However, al- … The burial rites that had just been observed for the fallen soldiers included a public funeral procession before the final burial. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Pericles is here referring to the discussions held at the monthly meeting of the ruling assembly, or ekklesia. Retrieved January 17, 2021, from https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Funeral-Oration/. The speech was delivered by Pericles, an eminent Athenian politician, at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) as a part of the annual public funeral for the war dead. Finally, Pericles says that the Athenian state, which has already provided a burial service, will also pay for the upbringing of the sons of the dead men. On the other hand, those who did not know the fallen soldiers might accuse Pericles of exaggerating their deeds and bravery. 34. Recorded in Thucydides, Pericles’ funeral oration epitomises why Pericles deserves his status as one of history’s greatest speakers. Women should try not to show undue weakness and should not give society a reason to talk about them. He notes that he will praise the dead for whom the crowd has gathered, but first he wishes to discuss the principles and institutions that define Athens. Parallels have been drawn to Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address and it is possible the US President based his speech on the Athenian’s over 2,000 years earlier. Athenians not only enjoy equality before the law; they are also equal when it comes to opportunity. The English term spartan has come to describe a lifestyle characterized by self-denial, self-discipline, and avoidance of luxury. —Thucydides (????? Women and foreigners were excluded from public life. It is like the "garland" with which Athens honors success among both the living and the dead. 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The School of Hellas. tribute, as well as Contact with the legal reforms of Solon c.!