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2. coating on glass ITO, Effect of coating method of TiO. Such dyes are often used as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). It functions similar to a plant cell, involved in photosynthesis. and cheap DSSC systems, a great deal of widely used materials and compounds have been replaced by novel counterparts, setting new standards. • The most efficient of the dyes were simply known as “Black dyes” due to their very dark colors. Since its discovery in 1990 by Michael Grätzel, considerable developments have been made in the design and large-scale syntheses of DSSC dyes. Sensitizers in DSSC are divided into two major groups’ namely complex metal (synthetic dyes) and organic or natural dyes. Natural dyes, like anthocyanins, yield only small DSSC efficiencies, but are of high interest since they are usually non-toxic and inexpensive. Furthermore the dyes used in the cells are efficient in converting the absorbed photons into electrons. 5MSAis an important class of high In DSSC, the dye acts as a sensitizer that absorbs light on visible light areas and injects electrons. Organic dyes used in the DSSC often bear a resemblance to dyes found in plants, fruits, and other natural products, and several dye-sensitized solar cells with natural dyes have been reported. Mixed dyes, containing anthocyanin and betalains, had shown overall solar energy conversion e ciency of around % [ ]. In dye-sensitized solar cells, the dye is one of the key components for high power conversion efficiencies. Generally, dye sensitizer from Ru-containing complex will result in efficiency up to 11-12 % (Zhou et al. Development of DSSC Technology. The reason for this choice of dye included it is easily found in Indonesia, does not cause environmental pollution, and is thought to have good prospects to be applied to DSSC. Chlorophyll, being the most abundant pigment that commonly found in plants, bacteria, bryophytes and algae, plays a vital role in photosynthesis. DSSC was firstly reported by O’Regan and Grätzel in 1991 [5]. 2011) but due to high cost and long term unavailability, natural based dyes from fruits and leaves is proposed as an alternative to reduce the cost, high light- However, the use of natural dyes as photosensitizers in DSSC, until now still produces much lower device efficiency compared to those from complex metal dyes or organic synthesis dyes. 2. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) is a solar cell device that works using electrochemical principles in which sensitive dyes are absorbed in the TiO 2 photoelectrode layer. Most of the alternatives to Ru‐based dyes have so far proved inferior to the Ru‐based dyes because of their narrow absorption bands (Δλ ≈ 100–250 nm), adverse dye aggregation, and instability. Chlorophyll and xanthophyll dyes extracted from a single source of filamentous freshwater green algae (Cladophora sp.) Alternatively, natural dyes extracted from plant fruits, vegetables, seeds, flowers and leaves have become increasingly important in recent days, exhibiting different colors and containing several pigments that can be easily extracted and used as sensitizers in DSSC . Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) belong to the group of thin-film solar cells which have been under extensive research for more than two decades due to their low cost, simple preparation methodology, low toxicity and ease of production. The key developmental milestones are detailed below: In 1995, dyes used in experimental cells were sensitive only to the high frequency end of the light spectrum - blue light and UV. performance dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). collections of dye including natural dye can be used as light harvesting elements to provide the charge carriers. Several dyes that used in this research included Vasica nees, W. fruticose L, U. dioical L, R. arborium, Myrica nagi, Curcuma angustifiola dan Berberies aristate. This adsorption provides a means for electron injection, which is the process that initiates the electrical circuit in a DSSC. Variation of immersion used (12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours); Variations in the amount of TiO2 coating used (1 layer, 2 layers, 3 layers, 4 layers, 5 layers); Variation of coating method of TiO. dyes have been synthesized and used in DSSC. 2. In addition, the possibility to realize well-performing organic DSSC dyes in different colours have opened for semi-transparent dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC… With this aim, we have also studied some composite systems consisting the dyes and a particular TiO 2 nanocluster. The dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) require one or more chemical substituents that can act as an anchor, enabling their adsorption onto a metal oxide substrate. ... these flowers was made based on abundance and easy Few dyes used for fabrication are, Coumarin [3], indoline [4], availability. 2013). The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) reported for DSSCs using ruthenium complex dyes (N719) was 11-12% [7, 8]. Thickness of the FTO plate: The dye used in a DSSC is vital to its operation. The Dye-sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) is a variant of thin film solar cells that can be defined as a photo-electrochemical cell. Chlorophylls are natural pigments and therefore safe, environmental friendly, easily available and cheap. Twenty seven natural dyes were tried such as Bougainvillea, Passion Fruit, Clove, Carob, Black tea, ... dyes (fig leaves, schinus terebinthifolius leaves, and zizyphus leaves) and Ru ... A schematic diagram showing the layers of DSSC.....9 Fig. Still, there is lot of scope for the replacement of current DSSC materials due to their high cost, less abundance, and long-term stability. Unsymmetrical Squaraine Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Position of the Anchoring Group Controls the Orientation and Self-Assembly of Sensitizers on the TiO2 Surface and Modulates Its Flat Band Potential. Several types of natural dyes belonging to Anthocyanin (Raspberries, Shami-berries, Grapes, Hibiscus, Chlorophyll, and a combination of dyes) have been performed. DSSC can convert light into current. Dyes various used in DSSC Sensitizers are the chemicals which are used to adsorb the visible light and inject their electron in to the semiconductor oxide to start the electron transport cycle in the cell. Ruthenium Dyes. The overall peak power-production efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells is about 11 percent, so they are best suited to low-density applications. Mostly Ru based dyes are used as sensitizers in DSSC. The sensitizers used in DSSC aredividedinto two types, viz., organic dyes and inorganic dyes according to the structure. In recent years, considerable developments have been made in the engineering of novel dye structures in order to enhance the performance of the system. A more positive interaction is expected such as N3, N719, black dye, Z 907, C 101, K77 which are absorb by the TiO2 surface. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2020, 124 (34) , 18436-18451. (2) Anchoring group (usually COOH) could bind on the semiconductor (usually TiO 2) and inject electron to the TiO 2 conduction band (CB). 2 Optical and structural properties of pigments plants to be used as photo-sensitizer in Dye Sensitized Solar Cell DSSC have been studied. Fig. 2.2. This review hash-out the history of DSSC with a focus on the recent developments of the natural dyes applications in this specific area with their overall appearance, the various Chlorophyll has been experimented to function as a photosensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as DSSCs mimic the … were used to sensitize dye sensitized solar cells and their performances were investigated. carotenoid and xanthophyll pigments and have been used in DSSC (Kimet al. (a) The structure of DSSC and (b) The mechanism of DSSC. Originally developed by Professor Michael Graetzel and Dr Brian O’Regan, and often referred to as "Grätzel cells", Dye-Sensitised Solar Cells (DSSC) are thin film solar cells designed around organic dyes in electrochemical cells. Electrolyte leakage, dye desorption, and degradation of the dye itself are considered the most The suita-ble dye should satisfy several requirements: (1) Absorption spectra of dye should match well with solar radiation spec-trum. Unlike the artificial dyes, the natural dye is easily available, easy to prepare, low cost, non-toxic, … (3) The oxidized dyes should Most of the alternatives to Ru-based dyes have so far proved inferior to the Ru-based dyes because of their narrow absorption bands (Δλ ≈ 100–250 nm), adverse dye aggregation, and instability. Dyes can be optimized to absorb light from much wider ranges in the spectrum or be highly specialized just for absorbing energy from the sun or from an indoor artificial light source. 2. paste with dye to DSSC efficiency. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) are based on a sensitizing dye as light-absorbing material, generating electric power by creating electrons through excitation by sunlight. Therefore, research is still needed to find the efficiency of DSSC using the best variety of natural dyes. 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