In 1862 the column of California volunteers who fought at Stanwix Station and Picacho Pass fought at the Battle of Apache Pass against 500 Apaches. Manufacturing employment jumped from 49,000 in 1960 to 183,000 by 1985, with half the workers in well-paid positions. Prescott became the capital in 1864, Tucson in 1867, Prescott again in 1877, and finally Phoenix in … When Mexico achieved its independence from the Kingdom of Spain and its Spanish Empire in 1821, what is now Arizona became part of its Territory of Nueva California, ("New California"), also known as Alta California ("Upper California"). [16] They bought shares in the Vizina mine, water rights, and gambling concessions, but Virgil, Morgan and Wyatt were soon appointed as federal and local marshals. This time Washington stepped in as the Agricultural Adjustment Administration spent $100 million to buy up the starving cattle. Cotton acreage plunged from 120,000 acres in 1997 to only 40,000 acres in 2005, even as the federal treasury gave the state's farmers over $678 million in cotton subsidies. Union forces under Major Isaac Lynde at nearby Fort Fillmore prepared to attack Baylor. The history of Arizona encompasses Spanish, Mexican, and American periods. The US purchased Alaska from Russia at a cost of 2 cents per hectare or $7.2 million in 1867. The creation of the Union Arizona Territory (two years after the ill-fated Confederate Arizona Territory) by the "Arizona Organic Act" on February 24, 1863, removed all the land west of the 109th meridian from the New Mexico Territory, i.e. For both New Mexico and Arizona, the road to statehood was protracted and contentious. Democrats Bruce Babbitt (Governor 1978–87)[39] and Morris Udall (Congressman 1961–90)[40] were contenders for their party's presidential nominations. In 1885 Lewis Williams opened a copper smelter in Bisbee and the copper boom began, as the nation turned to copper wires for electricity. The organization raised thousands of dollars, wrote letters, and joined in numerous celebrations of their culture and their support for Mexican-American servicemen. In 1905, she was murdered by a man who had posed as her husband. The 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions, composed of African-American troops, trained there. One result was that large herds of wild cattle roamed southeastern Arizona, By 1850, the herds were gone, killed by Apaches, American sportsmen, contract hunting for the towns of Fronteras and Santa Cruz, and roundups to sell to hungry Mexican War soldiers. The Confederate Arizona Territory was thought to be important to the role of the New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War primarily because it offered Confederate access to California. In 1862 Baylor was ousted as governor of the territory by Davis, and the Confederate loss at the Battle of Glorieta Pass forced Confederate retreat from the territory. James Wilson states that after 1950, higher fees and restrictions in the name of land conservation caused a sizable reduction in available grazing land. About 80% of the state's cotton is exported to textile factories in China and (since the passage of NAFTA) to Mexico.[46]. When President Theodore Roosevelt visited Arizona in 1913, the Hopi Indians honored him with a demonstration of the ritual Hopi snake dance. Before 1846 the Apache raiders expelled most Mexican ranchers. [32], Mexican-American women organized to assist their servicemen and the war effort. [49], In June 2017, a heat wave grounded more than 40 airline flights of small aircraft, with American Airlines reducing sales on certain flights to prevent the vehicles from being over the maximum weight permitted for safe takeoff. Arizona was declared part of the Territory of New Mexico until southern New Mexico seceded from the Union as the Confederate Territory of Arizona … In the end, Wilson believes, sportsmen and environmentalists maintained a political advantage by denouncing the ranchers as political corrupted land-grabbers who exploited the publicly owned natural resources.[13]. Apache Wars. Prior to the creation of the Nevada Territory, the area was part of western Utah Territory and was known as Washoe, after the native Washoe people. The Confederate States of America claims Arizona as a confederate territory. (Arizona did not officially become a separate Territory of the United States of America until February 1863.) In February 1858, the New Mexico territorial legislature adopted a re… The battle is considered part of the American Civil War. Arizona was originally part of New Mexico, being ceded to the United States in 1848, and became a separate territory in 1863. The money ran out by 1931 or 1932, and conditions were bad until New Deal relief operations began on a large scale in 1933. Military installations peppered the state, such as Davis-Monthan Field in Tucson, the main training center for air force bomber pilots. [37] By 1959, Hughes Aircraft had built advanced missiles with 5,000 workers in Tucson. Federal money started arriving with the Federal Emergency Relief Committee in 1930. Arizona was part of the state of Sonora, Mexico from 1822, but the settled population was small. [26] In 1912 women gained suffrage in the state, eight years before the country as a whole. Together with help from Pima and Papago militia, the garrison provided a little protection from a hostile Apache population to the east of the San Pedro River and north of the Gila. They introduced their proven range methods to the new grass country. Super Bowl XXX was played in Tempe in 1996 and Super Bowl XLII was held in Glendale in 2008. 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